Artificial Insemination of a Honey Bee Queen. Credit: Courtesy The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), Crown Copyright
For the intrepid beekeeper, especially those with access to a microscope or laboratory, many diagnostic techniques are available. Investing in a decent quality microscope, particularly when shared by a beekeeping club, is a worthwhile endeavor.
Below are methods for a few advanced techniques that may be appropriate for experienced beekeepers, while others should only be attempted by those with significant training. If these techniques are of interest but beyond the skill set of a beekeeper, training classes are available from many universities and beekeeping organizations.